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Step 2: Identify your problem

Identify your problem

AI projects fail when they start with the technology. Start with the problem instead. This step helps you brainstorm real problems your team faces, then narrow down to one or two worth piloting.

2.1 Brainstorm with your team

Run these as quick rounds of discussion, around five minutes for each. Capture every idea on sticky notes to extract key themes later.

  1. What takes up the most time in your team? What’s the most tedious part of that process?

    Example: manually checking documents against a checklist, copying information from one system into another, or chasing people for missing details.

  2. What do you wish you didn’t have to do?

    Example: re-entering the same data into several systems, compiling the same report by hand every month, or answering the same routine query over and over.

  3. Where do you spend money that feels excessive?

    Example: printing and postage for letters that could be sent digitally, or staff overtime during predictable peaks that could be planned for.

  4. Where are citizens unsatisfied with services?

    Example: queuing at a counter, waiting weeks for a decision letter, or never hearing back after submitting a form.

  5. What is hard to predict?

    Example: how many people will show up at a service centre next week, or how many applications will arrive before a deadline.

  6. Where is institutional knowledge stuck?

    Example: one person who knows how a regulation is applied in practice, or a process that only works because someone remembers an exception from years ago.

  7. What can’t you measure?

    Example: how long it actually takes to process a case end to end, or whether a service is reaching the people who need it most.

  8. What would you change first if you could?

    Example: the part of a process that causes the most complaints, or the task staff find most demoralising to do every day.

Quick check

Where do you see issues?

Tick everything that rings true for your organisation. The more you tick, the more raw material you have for Step 2.2.

0 ticked. Carry the ticked items into Step 2.2 as candidate problems.

2.2 Score your ideas: Impact × Complexity

Drag your ideas onto the matrix and aim to pilot something in the top-left quadrant, where impact is high and complexity is low. Avoid the top-right unless you already have very strong technical support in place.

Use the descriptions below to judge where each idea sits on the two axes. They run from low to high - anything you'd call medium or above leans toward the high end of that axis when you place it on the matrix.

Impact how much it matters - the vertical axis

Low
Minor improvement to one process or team.
Medium
Meaningful time or cost saving, or better outcomes for a service.
High
Major improvement to a core service or large number of people.

Complexity how hard it is to solve - the horizontal axis

Low
Data exists, limited skills needed, low resistance.
Medium
Some data prep, technical help, or alignment needed.
High
Significant data work, specialist skills, or political difficulty.

2.3 What kind of problem is it?

Once you have a candidate problem, classify it. The category decides which AI approaches are worth investigating in Step 3.

Manual workloads

Repetitive tasks staff do by hand: routing, classifying, summarising, extracting numbers from documents.

→ Try: text analysis, digitisation, chatbots

Data analysis

Making sense of financial, operational, or administrative data: spotting patterns, trends, and outliers in what you already collect.

→ Try: anomaly detection, dashboards, prediction

Forecasting

Anticipating future values: tax revenue, crop yields, demand, weather, outbreaks, electricity load.

→ Try: time-series forecasting, prediction

Prioritisation

Deciding where to focus limited resources: audits, inspections, social-programme targeting, fraud risk.

→ Try: supervised ML, anomaly detection, optimisation

Policy evaluation

Assessing whether a programme or intervention actually worked, for whom, and at what cost, so you can decide what to keep or change.

→ Try: causal analysis, prediction, dashboards

Citizen response

Handling questions, requests, and complaints from the public faster, supporting more communities with fewer dropped tickets.

→ Try: chatbots, text classification

Institutional knowledge

Information locked in documents, people’s heads, or unsearchable filing systems. Index it and make it searchable.

→ Try: AI-powered search, text generation

Data accessibility

Records that exist on paper, in different systems, or in formats nobody can analyse. Get the data ready first.

→ Try: digitisation, dashboards

2.4 Your priority problems

Pull it all together. Capture the top one or two problems you want to take forward: describe each one, match it to a type, and record its impact score. This is what you carry into Step 3.

Priority problem 1

Impact score

Priority problem 2

Impact score
Take with you to Step 3

One or two problems you identified.

Bring your top problem (and its category) to Step 3 to find candidate AI approaches.

Continue to Step 3